Food defence: Refining the taxonomy of food defence threats

The effect of energy reserves and food availability on optimal immune defence.

In order to avoid both starvation and disease, animals must allocate resources between energy reserves and immune defence. We investigate the optimal allocation. We find that animals with low reserves choose to allocate less to defence than animals with higher reserves because when reserves are low it is more important to increase reserves to reduce the risk of starvation in the future. In gene...

Study of environmental management systems on defence

The effective and sustainable environmental performance of a business is a result of various factors and most important the integrated outcome of the environmental management. Likewise, the integration of environmental protection into the armed forces functions has also gain interest for the military sector internationally. Therefore, the environmental management system (EMS) is recognized as o...

Male food defence as a by-product of intersexual cooperation in a non-human primate

Males in a number of group-living species fight in intergroup conflicts to defend access to food resources, a seemingly paradoxical behaviour, given that this resource does not usually limit male fitness directly. We investigated the mechanism(s) driving apparent male food defence in wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus) by testing the effect that female resource access, and fe...

in defence of influence ? 323 In defence of influence ?

(L1) C causes E iff C stands in the ancestral of influence to E. (L2) C influences E iff (i) C and E are actual distinct events and (ii) there is a substantial range of C1, C2, ... of different not-toodistant alterations of C and a range E1, E2, of alterations of E, at least some of which differ, such that if C1 had occurred, E1 would have occurred, if C2 had occurred, E2 would have occurred an...

Medical Defence